Antonio Ranchal, director técnico de la Federación Española de Deportes de Personas con Parálisis Cerebral y Daño Cerebral Adquirido y preparador físico del CDIA, nos habla en esta entrevista de las claves para una correcta preparación física, los objetivos para la próxima temporada y los aspectos más importantes a tener en cuenta en los deportistas.
1. ¿Qué es lo más importante de la preparación física de un deportista?
Lo más importante en la preparación física para un deporte es que el trabajo sea especifico e individualizado en todos los factores particulares de cada deportista.
Desde la trayectoria y bagaje deportivo, pasando por la prueba o disciplina concreta que realiza, edad, condiciones físicas y fisiológicas, e incluso el tipo de discapacidad que los deportistas tiene.
Tomando en consideración todos estos elementos, la preparación debe velar por cumplir una serie de objetivos como son mejorar las condiciones físicas a nivel de rendimiento para la prueba y disciplina que realice, proteger las estructuras y crear una base física sobre la que sustentar la carga diaria de entrenamiento de una manera segura, así como posibilitar un incremento de niveles de trabajo mayores de forma progresiva a lo largo de la temporada, e incluso de un año a otro.
2. En los meses de primavera y verano, ¿cómo es el trabajo físico de un deporte de invierno?
Estos meses suponen el periodo de pretemporada o de acondicionamiento físico general, donde buscamos crear los cimientos del entrenamiento futuro en la temporada. Ese trabajo se centra inicialmente en el fortalecimiento de estructuras musculo tendinosas, procesos de estimulación de aumento de densidad ósea, etc. Todo ello con la intención de crear el armazón sobre el que vamos a construir a nuestro deportista futuro.
A medida que la temporada transcurre, el trabajo se va volviendo a más especifico y de manera más concreta, así como se busca llevar esa ganancia de fuerza a una aplicación más precisa en un gesto técnico concreto.
3. ¿Difiere mucho la preparación física de un deportista con discapacidad de uno que no la tiene?
Desde el punto de vista del concepto general no, es decir, el objetivo, el trabajo y cómo se estructura esa planificación es lo mismo, pero desde un punto de vista del desarrollo de esa planificación, temporalización y las cargas de trabajo, sí.
Dependiendo del tipo de discapacidad y el origen de su lesión, así como la evolución de la misma, años que hace que tiene esa discapacidad, será un desarrollo u otro y eso debe ser un trabajo de análisis, visualización de forma diaria y coordinada entre el equipo de trabajo y cada corredor.
4. ¿Cuáles son los puntos clave a trabajar para optimizar el rendimiento de un deportista de invierno?
Podemos determinar algunos de ellos, porque esto lo determina en primer lugar la especialidad y disciplina en la que compita, pero de forma general podemos decir que el trabajo de fuerza debe ser adecuado y bien planificado porque habitualmente el esfuerzo físico se lleva a cabo en un medio natural, en pendiente descendiente y perfiles variados, además de alta velocidad en muchos casos.
La fuerza supone una garantía para mitigar posibles sobrecargas, compensar la posición del cuerpo e incluso, poder absorber posibles impactos que se produzcan de caídas. Todo ese trabajo debe ir orientado a un fortalecimiento equilibrado de toda la musculatura, así como también incluir dentro de las tareas ejercicios de coordinación, habilidad, flexibilidad, etc.

5. ¿Cuántas horas de trabajo físico a la semana son necesarias para llegar a un buen nivel y después mantenerlo?
No existe un único criterio porque es algo que depende de la prueba que realiza y nivel de experiencia que tenga en el entrenamiento físico. No obstante, se considera recomendable llevar a cabo entrenamiento de fuerza al menos dos días en semana para que suponga un estímulo mínimo.
El objetivo que propongamos determina la cantidad de trabajo y a su vez esa cantidad de trabajo dependerá de la carga y volumen de entrenamiento técnico. Con toda esa cuantificación de la carga se determinará la necesidad de volumen de tarea física se requiere y la persona puede tolerar, porque de lo contrario podríamos quedarnos cortos o pasarnos.
6. Aparte de las sesiones de entrenamiento en equipo, ¿das a los deportistas alguna pauta a seguir en casa para ejercicios?
Generalmente sí. El entrenamiento no solo es en el momento que hacemos la acción y acabamos, existe una gran cantidad de elementos transversales que han de contemplarse y que siempre sumarán en positivo en la preparación general.
Podríamos hablar de ejercicios concretos de fortalecimiento de musculatura del pie, ejercicios de movilidad estática para mejoras de rangos articulares, hasta posiciones estáticas frente a un espejo para mejorar aspectos de imagen corporal y espacial, entre otros.
Esos elementos extraordinarios si lo consideramos como algo fuera de la carga de entrenamiento habitual deben ser controlados y buscando sumar en positivo, pero nunca ser un elemento que motive la sobreestimulación, así como evite el descanso necesario para poder recuperarse.
7. ¿Cuáles son los objetivos para la próxima temporada?
Los objetivos para la temporada siguiente son mejorar e incrementar los niveles de fuerza en los tipos que estimemos como referencia (fuerza explosiva, resistencia a la fuerza, etc.), mejorar los datos de las pruebas de coordinación, equilibrio, flexibilidad, datos antropométricos, etc.
Teniendo en cuenta el incremento de los valores del rendimiento, aplicar de forma más eficiente en el desarrollo de ese deporte toda esa mejora en la competición o las competiciones de referencia que tengamos prevista en la planificación anual y de ciclo.
8. ¿Hay muchas diferencias de trabajo en cuanto a un deportista con discapacidad física o con parálisis cerebral?
El grado de diferencia vendrá determinado por el grado de discapacidad de cada origen de la lesión, las secuelas asociadas e incluso el «imparment» o impacto que su discapacidad genera de una forma visible en la práctica del deporte que realiza.
En la parálisis cerebral existe un componente neurológico por lo general más relevante, lo que a su vez provoca impedimentos en el aprendizaje de un elemento técnico, una ejecución de un ejercicio etc. Ese recorrido de la información en los canales efe y aferentes, de forma habitual se ven interrumpidos por un fallo en la transmisión nerviosa, recepción, impulso o incluso en el tipo de contracción que ese musculo o grupo de músculos realizan.
Por ello existe una diferencia tanto en la temporalización del proceso de aprendizaje como en el incremento de volumen habitual dentro de la propia planificación, y por ello el tratamiento diario cuando se entrena con un tipo de discapacidad puede ser diferente a nivel de estructura y de concepto global. Punto que nos lleva a la explicación de la primera pregunta de esta entrevista.
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