Grace Puertas, psicóloga deportiva del CDIA, nos habla en esta entrevista de la importancia del trabajo psicológico para optimizar el rendimiento de los deportistas como un aspecto igual de importante que el trabajo físico o táctico en las pistas de nieve.
¿En qué consiste el trabajo psicológico que se hace con los deportistas?
Mi trabajo consiste en aportar las estrategias y herramientas necesarias para que el deportista pueda desarrollar todas sus capacidades a la hora de competir. Para ello me baso en responder 4 preguntas que engloban si ese deportista puede o no puede rendir.
– ¿El deportista puede rendir? Personalidad, confianza, autoestima y gestión emocional a la hora de afrontar retos
– ¿El deportista quiere rendir? Compromiso y motivación.
– ¿El deportista sabe rendir? Su día a día, su entrenamiento, como se organiza, como afronta los errores, las correcciones, las cargas físicas?.
– ¿El deportista sabe demostrar su rendimiento? Aquí hablamos del día de la competición, como la afronta y como gestiona la ansiedad y la concentración de ese momento
¿Por qué es importante el trabajo psicológico?
Para mí la mente es un músculo más que se entrena. El deportista no solo ha de lidiar con la ejecución táctico/técnica de su deporte sino con su propia mochila de creencias, expectativas, personalidad, evaluación del entorno, recuerdos… Todo esto influye en el desempeño de esa ejecución para bien o para mal.
De aquí la importancia de aprender a gestionar todas esas variables y no solo en el dominio de la propia actividad.
¿Hay mucha diferencia en los aspectos emocionales entre el deporte de alto nivel y el popular?
Pues no mucho porque, al final, todos los deportistas a medida que van entrenando y mejorando se ponen objetivos de rendimiento como mejorar la marca, entrar entre los 50 primeros… y esos objetivos y la necesidad de lograrlos hace que experimenten desajustes emocionales. Si que los deportistas de elite, en algunos casos, además de estar en juego unos objetivos también lo están unas becas o unos premios económicos que no están en el nivel popular y eso hace que el segundo grupo experimente más presión ya que se juegan «más cosas», además de su propio ego (esto es igual para élite y populares).
¿Cuáles son las principales herramientas con las que trabaja?
Disponemos de herramientas de evaluación y de seguimiento como las entrevistas con los deportistas y sus técnicos, registros, cuestionarios y la propia observación.
A partir de esto se confecciona un trabajo personalizado pero que a grandes rasgos incluyen gestión de la ansiedad, gestión de la concentración, técnicas de visualización, gestión de la frustración, elaboración de planes de competición…
¿Qué es lo que más le llama la atención de su trato con los deportistas?
Me sigue sorprendiendo la facilidad que tenemos de autoengañarnos y de fabricar argumentaciones y excusas para mantener nuestras creencias. Por ejemplo, si he desarrollado la creencia de que solo los débiles fracasan y fracaso, he de construir una serie de argumentaciones y autoengaños para montar mi película de que no he fracasado. Así, de esta manera, no tienes que afrontar la creencia, que, por cierto, es una creencia errónea. Fracasar, pues fracasa todo el mundo.
Ya ni te cuento con la creencia «querer es poder» que está bastante extendida.
¿Con qué frecuencia es bueno tener sesiones con los deportistas?, ¿se les hace seguimiento?
Depende de donde se esté de la temporada y de lo que se quiera trabajar. En algunos momentos podemos hacer sesiones una vez al mes y en otros momentos (por calendario competitivo) podemos hacer cada semana.
Un poco es cuadrar necesidades del deportista, objetivos que queremos trabajar y calendario de la temporada. Seguimiento, siempre. Me gusta que los deportistas me envíen feedback en el momento, ya sea en competiciones o entrenamientos, porque la información está más fresca y también porqué se puede pautar algún recurso ya trabajado para la ocasión
¿Piensa que se ha roto un tabú respecto al aspecto que la psicología juega en la sociedad?
Quiero creer que sí. Cada vez más se ha normalizado que los equipos y deportistas dispongan de un psicólogo deportivo en sus filas e incluso en muchas entrevistas se ha hablado del trabajo que realizan con dicha figura.
Soy consciente que la psicología arrastra el estigma de la enfermedad mental pero la psicología es la ciencia que estudia el comportamiento humano y eso abarca mucho más que la enfermedad.
¿Cómo se planifica una temporada en este aspecto?
Me gusta partir de los objetivos que persigue el deportista y de está manera tener en cuenta que tenemos un calendario y un tiempo que no es infinito para trabajar. A partir de ahí, priorizar que aspectos son más necesarios trabajar para tener más opciones de lograr esos objetivos. La idea es que no se puede trabajar «todo y mucho» como algunos quisieran, sino que ha de seguir una línea paralela a sus objetivos, siempre que estos estén bien formulados.
¿Cómo se prepara a un deportista para asimilar éxitos, malos resultados o momentos complicados como lesiones?
Por lo que respecta a éxitos y fracasos, reorientando al deportista hacia el rendimiento en lugar de hacia el resultado, cosa que cuesta bastante, por cierto, porque la sociedad en la que vivimos está muy orientada al resultado.
El rendimiento habla de adquirir y trabajar recursos técnicos, físicos, tácticos y psicológicos, habla de afrontar retos y sobre todo habla del presente, sé lo que tengo que hacer, sé cómo lo tengo que hacer, se cuando lo tengo que hacer y se que puedo hacerlo. Mientras que el resultado habla de logros que aun no han ocurrido (futuro) y que no dependen exclusivamente del deportista (tus rivales también juegan) y eso puede generar ansiedad porqué no se tiene el control, al contrario que el rendimiento que si pretende que el deportista tenga el control de sí mismo y de su actuación.
En lesiones, hacer una buena programación de objetivos de trabajo y reorientar la rehabilitación como si fuera un entrenamiento más.
¿Qué papel juegan las familias y el entorno en un buen equilibrio emocional?
Un deportista con una buena red familiar que le brinde estabilidad económica, emocional, independencia para tomar sus decisiones, en definitiva una familia que lo apoyé, tendrá mayor posibilidad de conseguir ese equilibrio emocional. De está manera el deportista podrá focalizarse en lograr su mayor rendimiento sin las preocupaciones de «no llegar a final de mes» o «mis padres no ven con buenos ojos lo que hago». Para esto es necesario un entorno sólido y con pocos cambios.
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